# Tirzepatide References — Full Citation List

> Full citation list for all tirzepatide research and clinical-trial references used across this site: SURPASS, SURMOUNT, mechanism papers, meta-analyses, and FDA regulatory documents. PubMed links and DOIs included.

## Sources cited across this site

All citations are to peer-reviewed publications, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, clinical-trial reports, or official regulatory documents. PubMed links and DOIs are included where available.

## References

[1] Coskun T, et al. LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept. Mol Metab. 2018. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30473097/
[2] Willard FS, et al. Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. JCI Insight. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32730231/
[3] Frias JP, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34170647/
[4] Novikoff A, et al. Spatiotemporal GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling and trafficking/recycling dynamics induced by selected receptor mono- and dual-agonists. Mol Metab. 2021. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33556643/
[5] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35658024/
[6] Aronne LJ, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40353578/
[7] Sun B, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35333651/
[8] Regmi A, et al. Tirzepatide modulates the regulation of adipocyte nutrient metabolism through long-acting activation of the GIP receptor. Cell Metab. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38878772/
[9] Samms RJ, et al. A Mechanistic Rationale for Incretin-Based Therapeutics in the Management of Obesity. Annu Rev Physiol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39546586/
[10] Giorgino F, et al. Early Fasting Serum Glucose or Weight Reduction With Tirzepatide and Metabolic Outcomes in People With Type 2 Diabetes: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURPASS Trials. Diabetes Care. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40100982/
[11] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label, type 2 diabetes indication). FDA Drugs@FDA. 2022. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/215866s000lbl.pdf
[12] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approval for chronic weight management (tirzepatide) — press announcement and label record. FDA News & Events. 2023. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-medication-chronic-weight-management
[13] Malhotra A, et al. Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38912654/
[14] Packer M, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39555826/
[15] Zeng Q, et al. Safety issues of tirzepatide (pancreatitis and gallbladder or biliary disease) in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908750/
[16] Nassar M, et al. Decreased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis with semaglutide and tirzepatide in people with type 2 diabetes or obesity with a history of acute pancreatitis. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39332263/
[17] Safwan M, et al. Gastrointestinal safety of semaglutide and tirzepatide vs. placebo in obese individuals without diabetes: a systematic review and meta analysis. Ann Saudi Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40189856/
[18] Mishra R, et al. Tirzepatide-Induced Gastrointestinal Manifestations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37908927/
[19] Shen P, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with tirzepatide: A bibliometric and pharmacovigilance analysis. PLoS One. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41894422/
[20] Kunutsor SK, et al. Safety and Tolerability of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A State-of-the-Art Narrative Review. Drugs. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41351656/
[21] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Tirzepatide injection prescribing information (FDA label, type 2 diabetes indication). FDA Drugs@FDA. 2022. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2022/215866s000lbl.pdf
[22] Farzam K, Patel P. Tirzepatide (StatPearls). StatPearls [Internet], NCBI Bookshelf. 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK585056/
[23] Look M, et al. Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study of adults with obesity or overweight. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39996356/
[24] Gong J, et al. Risk of biliary diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity treated with tirzepatide: A meta-analysis. J Diabetes Investig. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39569606/
[25] Batsis JA, et al. Effect of Incretin-Based and Nonpharmacologic Weight Loss on Body Composition: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41996180/
[26] Rasouli N, et al. Tirzepatide for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Without Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURPASS Clinical Trials. Diabetes Ther. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40016573/
[27] Jalleh RJ, et al. Clinical Consequences of Delayed Gastric Emptying With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Tirzepatide. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39418085/
[28] Urva S, et al. The novel dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist tirzepatide transiently delays gastric emptying similarly to selective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32519795/
[29] Berg S, et al. Discontinuing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and body habitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40186344/
[30] Aronne LJ, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078870/
[31] Horn DB, et al. Cardiometabolic Parameter Change by Weight Regain on Tirzepatide Withdrawal in Adults With Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURMOUNT-4 Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41284285/
[32] Qazi S, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide Versus Dulaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41975852/
[33] Almansour HA, et al. Real-World Safety Concerns of Tirzepatide: A Retrospective Analysis of FAERS Data (2022-2025). Healthcare (Basel). 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41008391/
[34] et al. Hair Loss Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists. Cureus. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41111833/
[35] Loomba R, et al. Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38856224/
[36] Rasouli N, et al. Tirzepatide for Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes and Without Obesity: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SURPASS Clinical Trials. Diabetes Ther. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40016573/
[37] Garvey WT, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37385275/
[38] Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention. N Engl J Med. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39536238/
[39] Schnell O, et al. CVOT summit report 2024: new cardiovascular, kidney, and metabolic outcomes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40316962/
[40] Samms RJ, et al. A Contemporary Rationale for Agonism of the GIP Receptor in the Treatment of Obesity. Diabetes. 2025. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40521890/
[41] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA approval for chronic weight management (tirzepatide) — press announcement and label record. FDA News & Events. 2023. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-medication-chronic-weight-management

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A peer-reviewed reading of the tirzepatide record — mechanism to trials — set down and cited, with no clinic, no prescriber, and nothing dispensed.